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48 Results

318

Hate Symbol
318
ALTERNATE NAMES: 8318The number 318 is a white supremacist numeric symbol. The 3 in the symbol is a numeric substitution for the letter C, thus making the symbol C18 or C-18. This in itself is code for a British white supremacist group, Combat 18, that occasionally has a presence in the United States. The 18 in its name is another numeric substitution symbol standing for Adolf Hitler. In the United States, 318 is most commonly associated with the Aryan Terror Brigade, a racist skinhead group…
ALTERNATE NAMES: 8318
Read more about 318

33/6

Hate Symbol
33/6
The number 33 is used by Ku Klux Klan adherents to signify the Ku Klux Klan. Since the 11th letter of the alphabet is K, three Ks signify "KKK" or the Ku Klux Klan. When using this reference, Klan members will frequently add the number 6 at the end, as in 33/6, because they think the Klan is currently in its sixth historical "era." Less commonly, some holdouts may still use the numeric code 33/5. Additional Images:
Read more about 33/6

38

Hate Symbol
38
ALTERNATE NAMES: Crossed HammersThe number 38 is used as a numeric symbol by members of the Hammerskins, a racist skinhead group. Substituting letters for numbers, 38 stands for CH or "Crossed Hammers," a reference to the crossed hammers of the group's logo. The most common use of this numeric symbol is with Crew 38, a Hammerskin "support" group consisting of female associates of the group as well as males interested in becoming members. A variation on the symbol is 838, which stands for "Hail…
ALTERNATE NAMES: Crossed Hammers
Read more about 38

43

Hate Symbol
43
The number 43 is a numeric symbol used by members of the racist skinhead group Supreme White Alliance (SWA). If one substitutes numbers for the letters in SWA's initials (19, 23, 1), then adds those numbers together, the total is 43. Additional Images:
Read more about 43

511

Hate Symbol
511
The number 511 is a numeric symbol for the Oregon-based racist prison gang European Kindred. Substituting letters for numbers, the 5 and 11 equate to E and K, i.e., European Kindred. Additional Images:
Read more about 511

737

Hate Symbol
737
The number 737 is a numeric symbol used by Public Enemy Number 1 (PENI), a California-based white supremacist gang present on California's streets and in its prisons. Unlike most white supremacist numeric symbols, 737 is not an example of number-letter substitution. Instead, the numbers 737 correspond to the letters P, D, and S on a telephone keypad. The initials PDS stand for Peni Death Squad, another name for the group. Additional Images:
Read more about 737

83

Hate Symbol
83
83 is a white supremacist numeric symbol that stands for "Heil Christ" or "Hail Christ" (the eighth letter of the alphabet is H and the third letter is C, thus 83 is "HC"). It is typically used by adherents of the racist and anti-Semitic religious sect known as Christian Identity. The symbol derives from the older white supremacist numeric symbol 88 ("Heil Hitler"). As they do with 88, white supremacists sometimes pair 83 with the number 14 (a reference to the so-called "Fourteen Words" slogan…
Read more about 83

88

Hate Symbol
88
88 is a white supremacist numerical code for Heil Hitler. Read more about the meaning behind the numbers, as well as how it’s used in non-extremist forms.
Read more about 88

9%

Hate Symbol
9%
9% is a numeric white supremacist symbol that refers to the percentage of the world's population that is purportedly white.
Read more about 9%

Solid Wood Soldiers

Hate Symbol
Solid Wood Soldiers
The Solid Wood Soldiers are a Texas-based white supremacist prison gang. Their primary tattoo consists of the initials SWS, with the two S's represented by lightning bolts. Above the initials appears the image of a bear claw, with the number 4 in the middle and sometimes the letters HCRL.
ALTERNATE NAMES:
Read more about Solid Wood Soldiers

Studying the Holocaust

Lesson Plan
Jews Forcibly Pulled Out of Dugouts, 1943
Echoes & Reflections is dedicated to reshaping the way that teachers and students understand, process and navigate the world through the events of the Holocaust. They partner with educators to help them introduce students to the complex themes of the Holocaust and to understand its lasting effect on the world. GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening This unit introduces students to the Holocaust by providing a…
September 02, 2020
Read more about Studying the Holocaust

311

Hate Symbol
311
The eleventh letter of the alphabet is the letter "K"; thus 3 times 11 equals "KKK," or Ku Klux Klan. The number 311 is sometimes used as a greeting to demonstrate membership in the KKK or simply sympathy with the Klan and its ideology. There is also a longstanding rock band from Nebraska that uses the name "311." This is not a hate-oriented band and should not be mistaken as such. Additional Images:
Read more about 311

Justice, Life, and Memory After the Holocaust

Lesson Plan
The Nuremberg Trial
Echoes & Reflections GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening The purpose of this unit is for students to explore the concepts of justice, trauma, memory, memorialization, and human behavior. With a firm understanding of the events of the Holocaust, students are now tasked to understand the lasting effects the Holocaust has had on our understanding of human actions and how the way we remember the Holocaust…
February 06, 2020
Read more about Justice, Life, and Memory After the Holocaust

Historical Antisemitism

Lesson Plan
Nazi Propaganda and Ideology Taught to Students
Echoes & Reflections GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening In this unit, students learn about the origins of antisemitism and how this hatred was exploited by the Nazis during the 1920s and 1930s as part of their racist ideology. Students define the terms antisemitism and stereotype, review text and video sources, and create a timeline reflecting examples of antisemitism throughout history. Students will…
January 27, 2020
Read more about Historical Antisemitism

The "Final Solution"

Lesson Plan
Jewish Women and Children Selected for Death
Echoes & Reflections is dedicated to reshaping the way that teachers and students understand, process and navigate the world through the events of the Holocaust. They partner with educators to help them introduce students to the complex themes of the Holocaust and to understand its lasting effect on the world. GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening The purpose of this unit is for students to learn about one of humanity&rsquo…
November 21, 2019
Read more about The "Final Solution"

Antisemitism After the Holocaust

Lesson Plan
A poster that reads "Well done Israel, Hitler would be proud
Echoes & Reflections: Teaching the HolocaustGRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, Language The lessons in this unit increase students’ understanding of Jewish people and awareness that antisemitism did not end after the Holocaust, and provide them with opportunities to learn about the persistence of antisemitism in its contemporary forms. Students investigate the ways in which old ideas about Jews and Judaism have…
October 23, 2019
Read more about Antisemitism After the Holocaust

Complicity and Responsibility

Lesson Plan
Painting by Felix Nussbaum - The Refugee
Echoes & Reflections is dedicated to reshaping the way that teachers and students understand, process and navigate the world through the events of the Holocaust. They partner with educators to help them introduce students to the complex themes of the Holocaust and to understand its lasting effect on the world. GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening This unit provides an opportunity for students to examine the complex issues…
September 05, 2019
Read more about Complicity and Responsibility

Holocaust Survivors and Liberators

Lesson Plan
Child survivors of Atlit refugee camp
Echoes & Reflections is dedicated to reshaping the way that teachers and students understand, process and navigate the world through the events of the Holocaust. They partner with educators to help them introduce students to the complex themes of the Holocaust and to understand its lasting effect on the world. GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening The purpose of this unit is to provide students with an understanding of the…
May 08, 2019
Read more about Holocaust Survivors and Liberators

Nazi Germany

Lesson Plan
Adolf Hitler Walking up Steps at an Annual Nazi Party Rally Ceremony
Echoes & Reflections is dedicated to reshaping the way that teachers and students understand, process and navigate the world through the events of the Holocaust. They partner with educators to help them introduce students to the complex themes of the Holocaust and to understand its lasting effect on the world. GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening The purpose of this unit is for students to learn about the Weimar Republic…
March 20, 2019
Read more about Nazi Germany

Rescuers and Righteous Among the Nations

Lesson Plan
Boat with Jews Sailing from Falster Denmark to Ystad in Sweden, 1943
Echoes & Reflections is dedicated to reshaping the way that teachers and students understand, process and navigate the world through the events of the Holocaust. They partner with educators to help them introduce students to the complex themes of the Holocaust and to understand its lasting effect on the world. GRADE LEVEL: Middle School, High School COMMON CORE STANDARDS: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening This unit provides students with an opportunity to learn about the…
August 17, 2018
Read more about Rescuers and Righteous Among the Nations

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